Influenza Virus

One-Sentence Definition

Influenza viruses (Orthomyxoviridae; types A/B/C) are enveloped, segmented negative-sense RNA viruses that cause seasonal epidemics and occasional pandemics through antigenic drift and — for influenza A — antigenic shift.

Taxonomy & Structure

  • Types: A (pandemic potential; HA/NA subtypes), B (human), C (milder), D (mainly cattle)
  • Genome: 8 segments (A/B) of (−)ssRNA; RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
  • Envelope glycoproteins: hemagglutinin (HA) — entry; neuraminidase (NA) — release
  • Matrix (M1), M2 ion channel (A), NP, NS1 (interferon antagonism)

Replication & Pathogenesis Highlights

  • Respiratory epithelial tropism; cytokine storm in severe disease
  • Antigenic drift — gradual HA/NA mutations → seasonal vaccine updates (Antigenic Variation)
  • Antigenic shift — segment reassortment (often swine/avian interfaces) → pandemic strains
  • Secondary bacterial pneumonia (S. aureus, pneumococcus) important complication

Clinical Syndromes

  • Abrupt fever, myalgia, cough, headache; otitis/pneumonia in children/elderly
  • Complications: myocarditis, encephalitis (rare), exacerbation of COPD/CHF
  • Avian zoonoses (H5N1, H7N9…) — severe pneumonia, high mortality when they infect humans

Diagnosis

Treatment & Prevention (conceptual)

  • Neuraminidase inhibitors (oseltamivir, zanamivir…); baloxavir (cap-dependent endonuclease inhibitor) — start early
  • Resistance mutations (e.g., H275Y in NA) monitored genotypically
  • Annual inactivated / live attenuated / recombinant vaccines; composition updated by WHO (Vaccination)
  • Infection control: droplet precautions; antivirals for prophylaxis in outbreaks

Genomics & Computational Notes

  • HA/NA phylogenies for vaccine strain selection (Phylodynamics)
  • Reassortment detection across segments
  • Antiviral resistance SNP calling from clinical sequences

Active Recall

  1. Drift vs shift — which needs reassortment?
  2. Why update influenza vaccines most years?
  3. Preferred acute diagnostic method in hospitals?