SARS-CoV-2

One-Sentence Definition

SARS-CoV-2 is an enveloped positive-sense RNA coronavirus (Betacoronavirus) that causes COVID-19, entering cells mainly via spike–ACE2 interaction and evolving antigenically under immune and transmissibility selection.

Taxonomy & Structure

  • Family Coronaviridae; related to SARS-CoV-1 and MERS-CoV (different epidemiology)
  • ~30 kb (+)ssRNA — one of the largest RNA virus genomes; proofreading exonuclease reduces but does not eliminate mutation
  • Structural proteins: Spike (S), Envelope (E), Membrane (M), Nucleocapsid (N)
  • Variants of concern defined by lineage nomenclature (Pango) + phenotypic impact

Replication & Pathogenesis Highlights

  • Respiratory (and other) epithelial infection; dysregulated inflammation in severe disease
  • Multisystem involvement: thrombosis, anosmia, MIS-C (children), long COVID phenotypes
  • Zoonotic origin narrative with ongoing animal reservoirs (mink, deer…) under One Health watch (One Health)

Clinical Syndromes

  • Asymptomatic → mild URI → pneumonia/ARDS → critical illness
  • Extra-pulmonary: cardiac, neuro, renal, thromboembolic events
  • Reinfection possible as immunity and virus diverge

Diagnosis

Treatment & Prevention (conceptual)

  • Antivirals (e.g., nirmatrelvir/ritonavir, remdesivir — indication/timing dependent)
  • Immunomodulators in severe hospitalized disease (steroids ± others per guidelines)
  • Vaccines (mRNA, viral vector, protein) reduce severe outcomes; boosters as recommended (Vaccination)
  • IPC: airborne/droplet strategies per setting; ventilation important

Genomics & Computational Notes

  • Spike mutations affecting ACE2 affinity, antibody escape, diagnostics dropout
  • Amplicon tiling NGS (ARTIC-style) for genomic epi (NGS Library Preparation)
  • Phylodynamics of waves; wastewater sequencing as population signal

Active Recall

  1. What host receptor does spike primarily engage?
  2. Antigen vs PCR — which is more sensitive early?
  3. Why do primer dropouts appear in tiled SARS-CoV-2 genomes?