Macrolides

One-Sentence Definition

Macrolides (and related ketolides) inhibit the 50S ribosomal subunit, used for atypical respiratory pathogens, some STI alternatives, and select Gram-positive infections — with rising resistance via erm methylases and efflux.

Simple Explanation

They block the bacterial ribosome factory — handy for atypicals like Mycoplasma and Legionella, but resistance is common in streptococci and some STI contexts.

Detailed Scientific Explanation

ExamplesTypical use
AzithromycinCAP atypicals, chlamydia, some GI infections
ClarithromycinH. pylori regimens (Helicobacter pylori)
ErythromycinLegacy; GI motility side uses

Coverage: atypicals (Mycoplasma pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Chlamydia trachomatis), some Gram-positives; not reliable for serious S. aureus bacteremia alone.

Resistance: erm ribosomal methylation; mef efflux — affects streptococci, staphylococci, GAS treatment failures.

Mechanism

Bind 50S → block translocation → bacteriostatic (often bactericidal at high concentrations for some bugs).

Clinical Importance

  • Outpatient CAP when atypical coverage needed
  • Not for invasive meningococcal disease monotherapy
  • QT prolongation interactions (azithromycin generally lower risk than erythromycin)

AMR Relevance

  • M. abscessus macrolide inducible resistance (erm) — phenotypic testing critical (Nontuberculous Mycobacteria)
  • Azithromycin resistance in Gonorrhea / chlamydia regions — follow guidelines

Active Recall Questions

  1. Two atypical pneumonias covered?
  2. erm-mediated resistance mechanism?
  3. Why macrolides fail for serious staph bacteremia alone?

Connections